Medical College of Wisconsin
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CURRICULUM VITAE

Douglas Davis MD, PhD
Assistant Professor
Department of Radiology

OFFICE ADDRESS:
Remote-Wisconsin
Remote Location
Madison, WI 53702
Phone: +1 (414) 8053120
Email: dodavis@mcw.edu

EDUCATION:
09/01/1994 - 05/30/1999 Bachelor of Science in Chemistry and Biology, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX
09/01/1999 - 05/30/2008 Doctor of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
09/01/1999 - 05/30/2008 Doctor of Philosophy in Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
09/01/1999 - 12/01/2006 Master of Philosophy in Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
02/24/2022 - 10/11/2025 Honorary Docotorate (Doctorate of Global Health, Honoris Causa), Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Zhytomyr, Ukraine

POSTGRADUATE TRAINING AND FELLOWSHIP APPOINTMENTS:
06/01/2008 - 05/31/2009 Internship, Internal Medicine, Primary Care Residency Program, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208056, New Haven, CT 06510
06/01/2009 - 05/30/2013 Residency, Diagnostic Radiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042, Tompkin's East 2, New Haven, CT 06510
06/01/2013 - 05/30/2014 Fellowship, Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology, Yale University School of Medicine, 330 Cedar Street, PO Box 208042, Tompkin's East 2, New Haven, CT 06510

FACULTY APPOINTMENTS:
06/01/2024 - Present Assistant Professor of Radiology, Department of Radiology, Neuroradiology and Emergency Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 9200 W Wisconsin Avenue, Milwaukee, WI 53226
10/11/2025 - Present Honorary Professor of Global Health, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, 103 Chudnivska Street, Zhytomyr, Ukraine, 10005

ADMINISTRATIVE APPOINTMENTS:
09/01/2025 - Present Global Health Office Liason, Department of Radiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI

HOSPITAL AND CLINICAL ADMINISTRATIVE APPOINTMENTS:
06/01/2014 - 06/01/2015 Associate Radiologist, Diagnostic Radiology, Neuroradiology, Danbury Radiological Associates, 24 Hospital Avenue, Danbury, CT 06810
06/01/2015 - 06/01/2022 Partner Radiologist, Diagnostic Radiology, Emergency Radiology and Neuroradiology, Madison Radiologists, 1221 John Q Hammons Drive, Madison, WI 53717

SPECIALTY BOARDS AND CERTIFICATION:
Board Certified
Issue DateExpiration
Diplomate, American Board of Radiology
01/01/2013
None
   
Licensure
Number Issue DateExpiration
Iowa State Medical License
MD-47963
None
Illinois State Medical License
036.139608
None
Connecticut State Medical License
053108
None
Wisconsin State Medical License
63977-20
None
    

AWARDS AND HONORS:
06/30/2022 2022 Humanitarian Global Health Award for UMANA Illinois Chapter Leadership, Issued by Institute of Medicine of Chicago (IoMC)
04/14/2023 2023 Wisconsin Physician Citizen of the Year, Wisconsin Medical Society
01/30/2024 2024 Anthem Award – Gold Medal, International Academy of Digital Ars and Sciences
10/05/2024 2024 Humanitarian Award, MedGlobal
10/05/2024 Humanitarian Partner Award for Give to the World, MedGlobal

MEMBERSHIPS IN HONORARY AND PROFESSIONAL SOCIETIES:
Ukrainian Medical Association of North America
Wisconsin Radiological Society (Alternate Counselor and Counselor at Large)
American Society of Emergency Radiology
American College of Radiology
American Society of Neuroradiology

INVITED LECTURES/WORKSHOPS/PRESENTATIONS:
International
Dr. Douglas Davis, Chip Duncan, Nataliya Panchenko (Salim Amin, Moderator), Ukrainian War Zone, Association for International Broadcasting, London, United Kingdom, 01/11/2024
Dr. Douglas Davis, Evelina Kurylets, Dr. Olga Maihutiak, and Dr. Zaher Sahloul, Provision of Medical Aid During the War in Ukraine, Rebuild Ukraine Health & Rehabilitation Conference, Warsaw, Poland, 06/25/2024
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, Mykola Zabavchuk Memorial Lecture, 2nd Annual International Healthcare Summit, Kyiv, Ukraine, 10/15/2024
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, UA-MED: Wisdom Through Friendship, Ukrainian Federation of Professional Medical Organizations - National Healthcare Conference, Kyiv, Ukraine, 05/22/2025
Dr. Douglas Davis, Nataliia Lukyanova, Zoriana Stepanenko, Yevhen Ursalov (Jan Jessen, Moderator), Ukraine War Medical Response, Ukraine Expert Conference on Civil Society, Resilience & Reconstruction, Berlin, Germany, 07/03/2025
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, Ukrainian Alliance for Medical Exchange and Development (UA-MED), 3rd Annual International Healthcare Summit, Kyiv, Ukraine, 09/24/2025
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, UA-MED: Innovative Approaches to Capacity Building in Healthcare & Rehabilitation in Ukraine Through Reciprocal Global Collaboration, 5th National Congress of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of Ukraine, Lviv, Ukraine, 11/15/2025
Dr. Douglas J Davis, Keynote Address on UA-MED - Pathways to Recovery and Healthcare Capacity Building for Ukraine, 1st International Conference Resilient Ukraine: From Trauma To Transformation - Building Resilient Minds, Systems and Society, Zhytomyr Polytechnic State University, Ukraine, 05/25/2026
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, UA-MED Welcoming Address, The American Association for Cancer Research on Campus Poland/Ukraine, Warsaw, Poland, 08/06/2026
 
National
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, UMANA, Anya, Mykola, Me...and the KGB, UMANA Virtual Scientific Conference, Madison, Wisconsin, 03/18/2023
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, Dr. Olga Maihutiak, Dr. David Nott, and Dr. Michael Samotowka, Ukraine: The Global Consequences of War, MedGlobal Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 11/05/2023
Dr. Douglas Davis, Dr. Chandra Hassan, Dr. Azeem Ibrahim, Dr. Nick Maynard, Saman Zia-Zarifi (Dr. Zaher Sahloul, moderator), #NotATarget: Protecting Healthcare in Man-Made Disasters, MedGlobal Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 10/04/2024
Dr. Douglas Davis, Dr. Mariya Dmytriv, Dr. Mohmmed Margni, Dr. Steve Olwean (Dr. Azeem Ibrahim, moderator), Ukraine, Syria, Sudan, Gaza: The Role of Diaspora and Coalition Building, MedGlobal Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 10/25/2025
Dr. Douglas Davis, Dr. Chandra Hassan, Dr. Feroze Sidwa (Dr. Michael Samotowka, moderator), The Future of War: Drone Injuries and Modern Warfare, MedGlobal Conference, Chicago, Illinois, 10/26/2025
Dr. Douglas J Davis, Keynote Address: Zero Dark Talon - Only the Wise Rule the Stars...and the Endgame, Meridian Forge Defense Technology Conference, South Pines, North Carolina, 06/12/2026
 
Regional
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, Medical Humanitarian Support for Ukraine, Wisconsin Radiological Society Annual Meeting, Kohler, Wisconsin, 04/01/2023
Dr. Douglas Davis and Anya Verkovskaya, Rotary Support for Ukraine, Rotary TriCon Meeting, LaCrosse, Wisconsin, 04/29/2023
Dr. Douglas Davis and Chip Duncan, A Different War, Triad Theater Off Broadway, Manhattan, NYC, New York, 11/20/2024
 
Local
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, UMANA, Anya, Mykola, Me...and the KGB, Radiology Grand Rounds, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, 04/20/2023
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, From the Frontlines of Ukraine to the Paralympics and to the Austrian Alps and Beyond., Rotary Club of Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 05/06/2025
Dr. Douglas J. Davis, Україна, UMANA, Anya, Mykola, Me...and the KGB. A 'clandestine' mission to build global healthcare capacity in wartime Ukraine, PM&R Grand Rounds, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, 12/05/2025
 

INVITED MEDIA APPEARANCES:
International
Help Heroes Of Ukraine, Douglas Davis from UMANA organization about volunteering, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B2-XFbY3eyM, 03/03/2023
There's A Will Show, PTSD estimated to affect 11 million Ukrainians, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1cLtSKQHk1o, Warsaw, Poland, 05/27/2023
AuntMinnie.com News, Ukraine's top pediatric hospital Ohmatdyt rebuilds after bomb attack, https://www.auntminnie.com/home/article/15706416/ukraines-top-pediatric-hospital-rebuilds-after-bomb-attack, 10/22/2024
Voice of America, US Veteran founded group Mountain Seed Foundation helps Ukrainian families overcome post-traumatic stress disorder caused by war., https://youtu.be/QSa1NrZ09QM?si=4YMTA4hSCmeLXUEw, 01/19/2025
Silicon Curtain Podcast with Jonathan Fink, Loss of Pokrovsk Would be a Strategic Disaster for Ukraine, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7kxZVHYQSX8, 11/04/2025
AnewZ Live, Kyiv Links Strikes to Negotiations, https://youtu.be/g29GvW8YDV8?si=NTeI9waNeGZQN_7t, Baku, Azerbajan, 06/04/2026
AnewZ Live, Ukraine Seeks Leverage On Two Fronts, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zZ4NlMf4FqA, Baku, Azerbaijan, 06/09/2026
AnewZ Live, Putin addresses Russia's military elites., https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXRcQrSDnII, Baku, Azerbaijan, 06/24/2026
AnewZ Live, What would it take to change Putin's strategic calculus?, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXRcQrSDnII, Baku, Azerbaijan, 07/01/2026
AnewZ Live, Ukraine and Russia Widen the Battlefield, Baku, Azerbaijan, 07/31/2026
Under Fire News, I Never Feel More American Than When I’m in Ukraine, https://underfirenews.substack.com/p/i-never-feel-more-american-than-when, Kyiv, Ukraine, 08/01/2026
 
National
Ukrainian People - Ukrainian-American Magazine, UMANA ILLINOIS. Ukrainian Medical Association of North America, https://ukrainianpeople.us/umana-illinois-ukrainian-medical-association-of-north-america/, 11/03/2022
CBS News - 60 Minutes, Rise - Ukrainian widows, children work to overcome grief, trauma at climbing camp in the Austrian Alps, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ukrainian-widows-kids-healing-climbing-austrian-alips-60-minutes-transcript/, 03/10/2024
 
Regional
Wisconsin Public Radio, On the anniversary of the Russian invasion into Ukraine, Wisconsin-Ukrainians continue to help their country, https://www.wpr.org/history/conflicts-disasters/anniversary-russian-invasion-ukraine-wisconsin-ukrainians-help-their-country, 02/24/2023
PBS Wisconsin, Providing power to Ukraine in the dark and cold of winter, https://pbswisconsin.org/news-item/providing-power-to-ukraine-in-the-dark-and-cold-of-winter, 03/02/2023
The Cleaveland Ukraine Podcast, Dr. Doug Davis Talks Red Dawn, Texas and Ukraine, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jrKdVaOV1tY, 12/28/2024
 
Local
Spectrum News Milwaukee, 'Full house, full heart': Madison physician's family safely evacuates extended Ukraine family., https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2022/03/04/-full-house--full-heart--madison-physician-family-safely-evacuates-extended-ukraine-family, 03/07/2022
CBS 58 Milwaukee, 'A deeply personal issue': Germantown warehouse turns into collection site for medical supplies going to Ukraine, https://cbs58.com/news/this-is-a-deeply-personal-issue-wisconsin-doctor-helps-organize-medical-supply-drop-off-for-ukraine-in-germantown, 04/01/2022
FOX6 Milwaukee, Medical supply donations for Ukraine, https://www.fox6now.com/video/1055918, 04/09/2022
Milwaukee Uncut, Local Man Helps Family Flee Ukraine and Supplies Hundreds of Tons of Medical Supplies, https://open.spotify.com/episode/3QUcCTMWV8epq2T8XEsexg, 05/12/2022
UW Health News, A vital aid effort from 5,000 miles away, https://www.uwhealth.org/news/aid-effort-from-5000-miles-away, 08/10/2022
WMTV 15 Madison, Oregon Wisconsin couple ships hundreds of tons in medical supplies to Ukraine, https://www.wmtv15news.com/2022/12/02/oregon-couple-ships-thousands-pounds-medical-supplies-ukraine/, 12/01/2022
Spectrum News Milwaukee, Everyday Hero: Madison doctor helps Ukraine with medical relief, https://spectrumnews1.com/wi/milwaukee/news/2023/02/13/everyday-hero--madison-doctor-helps-ukrainewith-medical-relief, 02/14/2023
Milwaukee Independent, Wisconsin volunteers sort and pack donated medical supplies for use in Ukraine's hospitals, https://www.milwaukeeindependent.com/articles/wisconsin-volunteers-sort-pack-donated-medical-supplies-use-ukraines-hospitals/, 08/02/2023
Jonathan and Kitty In The Morning Podcast, Ukraine Update, https://www.ivoox.com/en/ukraine-update-audios-mp3_rf_118750084_1.html, 10/16/2023
Channel 3000 Madison, Camp for grieving Ukrainians in Austrian Alps, https://www.channel3000.com/video/watch-camp-for-grieving-ukrainians-in-austrian-alps/video_03fc77fc-bcc5-5e2e-b465-d29dbb8b30c4.html, 12/01/2023
MCW Stories, MCW Professor Helps Lead Efforts to Provide Medical Aid to Ukraine, https://www.mcw.edu/mcwknowledge/mcw-stories/mcw-professor-helps-lead-efforts-to-provide-medical-aid-to-ukraine, 07/17/2025
 


BIBLIOGRAPHY
Refereed Journal Publications/Original Papers
1. Uren H, Berrey BH, Gumeniuk K, Kovalchuk V, Moshynets O, Gurney JM, Davis D, Pidvalna U, Beshley D, Godwin Y, Hettiaratchy S, Ressner RA, Ankin ML, Voitsekhovska S, Butler F, Holcomb JB. War against superbugs, stopping them before they stop us: a biological warfare approach to safeguard European biosecurity. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open. 2026;11(2):e002169. PMCID: PMC13084856
2. Pidvalna U, Davis D, Kovalchuk N, Beshley D, Plyatsko R. The origins of neuroimaging and Johann Puluj: Early X-rays and the foundations of radiographic neuroanatomy. Anat Sci Educ. 2026 Mar 17.
3. Kovalchuk N, Zinchuk A, Beznosenko A, Semikov R, Poylin V, Vash-Margita A, Mims M, Davis D, Uboha N, Suchowerska N, Iakovenko V, Hart J, Poznansky M, Kacharian A, Kizub D, Melnitchouk S, Melnitchouk N. Impact of international observerships on Ukrainian healthcare professionals during the war: a cross-sectional survey study. BMJ Open. 2026 Jan 08;16(1):e109052. PMCID: PMC12820848
4. Davis DJ, Sachdev R, Pieribone VA. Effect of high velocity, large amplitude stimuli on the spread of depolarization in S1 "barrel" cortex. Somatosens Mot Res. 2011;28(3-4):73-85. PMCID: PMC3753103
5. Davis DJ, Moon M, Kennedy S, DelBasso S, Forman HP, Bokhari SA. Introducing medical students to radiology as paid emergency department triage assistants. J Am Coll Radiol. 2011 Oct;8(10):710-5.
6. Kao HT, Sturgis S, DeSalle R, Tsai J, Davis D, Gruber DF, Pieribone VA. Dynamic regulation of fluorescent proteins from a single species of coral. Mar Biotechnol (NY). 2007;9(6):733-46.
7. Nagayama S, Zeng S, Xiong W, Fletcher ML, Masurkar AV, Davis DJ, Pieribone VA, Chen WR. In vivo simultaneous tracing and Ca(2+) imaging of local neuronal circuits. Neuron. 2007 Mar 15;53(6):789-803. PMCID: PMC1892750
8. Birnbaum SG, Yuan PX, Wang M, Vijayraghavan S, Bloom AK, Davis DJ, Gobeske KT, Sweatt JD, Manji HK, Arnsten AF. Protein kinase C overactivity impairs prefrontal cortical regulation of working memory. Science. 2004 Oct 29;306(5697):882-4.
9. Daws LC, Toney GM, Davis DJ, Gerhardt GA, Frazer A. In vivo chronoamperometric measurements of the clearance of exogenously applied serotonin in the rat dentate gyrus. J Neurosci Methods. 1997 Dec 30;78(1-2):139-50.
10. Davis DJ. Rapid chronoamperometric detection of antidepressant modification to the clearance of exogenously applied serotonin in the rat dorsal hippocampus. Proceedings National Conference on Undergraduate Research. Volume IV: 1344-1348. 1998.
 
Editorials, Letters To Editor, Other
1. David Kirichenko and Douglas J. Davis. How Ukraine’s Battlefield Data Is Shaping the Future of Warfare. The National Interest [Internet]. 2026 July 16. URL: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-ukraines-battlefield-data-is-shaping-the-future-of-warfare
2. Douglas J. Davis. OPINION: Not Peace Talks – Victory Talks. Kyiv Post [Internet]. 2026 June 29. URL: https://www.kyivpost.com/opinion/79096
3. Douglas J. Davis. Can the Palantir of Ukraine Secure an Enduring Bond with the United States? Under Fire News [Internet]. 2026 June 19. URL: https://underfirenews.substack.com/p/can-the-palantir-of-ukraine-secure
4. Douglas J. Davis. 'Anti-Christ': Russia Just Bombed the Bedrock of Slavic Christianity. Under Fire News [Internet]. 2026 June 16. URL: https://underfirenews.substack.com/p/anti-christ-russia-just-bombed-the
5. David Kirichenko and Douglas J. Davis. The Lethal Triad: How Ukraine’s Drone Warfare Is Changing Battlefield Medicine The National Interest [Internet]. 2026 June 11. URL: https://nationalinterest.org/feature/how-ukraines-drone-warfare-is-changing-battlefield-medicine
6. Douglas J. Davis and Sam Hartwell. Quiet Professionals: Remembering the Americans Who Made Ukraine’s War Their Own. The Cipher Brief [Internet]. 2026 May 24. URL: https://www.thecipherbrief.com/americans-ukraines-war-their-own
7. Davis DJ. Triumph within tragedy: a testimony to the Paralympics and the Ukrainian spirit. Kyiv Post [Internet]. 2026 Mar 15. URL: https://www.kyivpost.com/post/71953
8. Pickens B, Davis DJ, Watson B, Antoniak S. The future of war is now: what Washington needs to hear from the battlefield. The Cipher Brief [Internet]. 2026 Mar 12. URL: https://www.thecipherbrief.com/the-future-of-war-is-now-what-washington-needs-to-hear-from-the-battlefield
9. Davis DJ. Ukraine is not just Europe’s shield – it’s the West’s sharpest tool against China’s global proxy network. Kyiv Post [Internet]. 2025 Nov 22. URL: https://www.kyivpost.com/post/64785
10. Davis DJ, Watson B, Hightower M. Ukraine’s winter war is the world’s test—and America can’t afford to blink. The Cipher Brief [Internet]. 2025 Oct 28. URL: https://www.thecipherbrief.com/ukraine-dnipro-donbas-winter
11. Kovalchuk N, Beznosenko A, Poylin VY, Semikov R, Kacharian A, Davis DJ, Uboha NV, Suchowerska N, Iakovenko V, Hart J, Poznansky M, Kizub D and Melnitchouk N. Building cancer care resilience through international observerships: Lessons from Ukraine. The Cancer Letter. Vol.51 No.25. June 27, 2025.
 
Abstracts
1. Uren H, Hudson Berrey B, Gumeniuk K, Kovalchuk V, Moshynets O, Pidvalna U, Beshley D, Ankin M, Godwin Y, Davis D, Holcomb J. A21 Role 1–4 care in Ukraine to prevent multidrug-resistant organism infections in large-scale combat operations: a biological warfare-inspired protocol for combat casualty care in Ukraine. BMJ Mil Health 2025; 171: A24-A25. DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2025-nato.21
2. Kovalchuk N, Beznosenko A, Poylin V, Zinchuk A, Vash-Margita A, Kacharian A, Semikov R, Mims M, Davis DJ, Uboha NV, Suchowerska N, Iakovenko V, Hart J, Poznansky MC, Melnitchouk S, Melnitchouk S, and Maihutiak O. ASCO Poster Presentation. The value of observerships abroad: Lessons from UA-MED supporting Ukrainian cancer care during the war. Journal of Clinical Oncology. 43, 9036(2025) Volume 43, Number 16_suppl. Chicago, IL.
3. Pieribone VA, Davis DJ and Sachdev R. Traveling waves evoked in mouse barrel cortex by single whisker stimuli . Poster 781.14. 2010 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. November 2010. San Diego, CA.
4. Davis DJ and Bokhari SAJ. Medical students as call facilitators: A novel program that introduces radiology to medical students early and in depth . 2010 Meeting Academy of University Radiologists. 25 March 2010. San Diego, CA.
5. Davis DJ, Kennedy S, Delbasso S, Forman HP, Bokhari SAJ. A unique method for introducing radiology to medical students as paid triage assistants in the emergency department . 2010 Meeting Academy of University Radiologists. March 2010. San Diego, CA.
6. Davis DJ and Pieribone VA. The modulation of stimulus-evoked activity in supragranular barrel cortex by the intensity of whisker deflection is context-dependent . 2007 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. Nov 2007. San Diego, CA.
7. Roman CW, Davis DJ, and Pieribone VA. Cortical voltage dye responses to paired deflections of a single whisker . Poster 401.12. 2007 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. November 2007. San Diego, CA.
8. Davis DJ, Laubach M, Cohen LB, and Pieribone VA. Voltage-sensitive dye imaging of whisker-evoked responses in mouse barrel cortex . 2006 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. October 2006. Atlanta, GA.
9. Nagayama S, Zeng S, Xiong W, Fletcher M, Davis DJ, Pieribone VA, Chen WR. In vivo two-photon imaging of the structure and function of neuronal circuits . 2006 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. October 2006. Atlanta, GA.
10. Davis DJ, Baker BJ, Kosmidis E, Cohen LB, and Pieribone VA. Development and application of optical probes for studying neural activity . Program No. 467.7. 2004 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. October 2004. San Diego, CA.
11. Davis DJ and Pieribone VA. Construction of genetically-encoded, optical reporters of membrane potential. . Poster 861.20. 2003 Abstract Viewer/Itinerary Planner. Society for Neuroscience. October 2003. New Orleans, LA.
12. Davis DJ, Shao Z, and Burkhalter A. Organization and patterns of connectivity in the rat visual cortex. BIOS. April 99.
13. Davis DJ, Wallace CS, Worley P, and Steward O. Differential induction and intracellular sorting of immediate early genes in the central nervous system of the rat. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 218(3): 254-264. July 1998.
14. Davis DJ, Daws LC, Toney GM, Gerhardt GA, and Frazer A.. Rapid chronoamperometric detection of antidepressant modification to the clearance of exogenously applied serotonin in the rat dorsal hippocampus. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine. 218(3): 254-264. July 1998.