Upregulation of FOXM1 leads to diminished drug sensitivity in myeloma. BMC Cancer 2018 Nov 21;18(1):1152
Date
11/23/2018Pubmed ID
30463534Pubmed Central ID
PMC6249818DOI
10.1186/s12885-018-5015-0Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85056964781 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site) 16 CitationsAbstract
BACKGROUND: Following up on previous work demonstrating the involvement of the transcription factor forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) in the biology and outcome of a high-risk subset of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (nMM), this study evaluated whether FOXM1 gene expression may be further upregulated upon tumor recurrence in patients with relapsed multiple myeloma (rMM). Also assessed was the hypothesis that increased levels of FOXM1 diminish the sensitivity of myeloma cells to commonly used myeloma drugs, such as the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (Bz) and the DNA intercalator doxorubicin (Dox).
METHODS: FOXM1 message was evaluated in 88 paired myeloma samples from patients with nMM and rMM, using gene expression microarrays as measurement tool. Sources of differential gene expression were identified and outlier analyses were performed using statistical methods. Two independent human myeloma cell lines (HMCLs) containing normal levels of FOXM1 (FOXM1N) or elevated levels of lentivirus-encoded FOXM1 (FOXM1Hi) were employed to determine FOXM1-dependent changes in cell proliferation, survival, efflux-pump activity, and drug sensitivity. Levels of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein were determined with the assistance of Western blotting.
RESULTS: Upregulation of FOXM1 occurred in 61 of 88 (69%) patients with rMM, including 4 patients that exhibited > 20-fold elevated expression peaks. Increased FOXM1 levels in FOXM1Hi myeloma cells caused partial resistance to Bz (1.9-5.6 fold) and Dox (1.5-2.9 fold) in vitro, using FOXM1N myeloma as control. Reduced sensitivity of FOXM1Hi cells to Bz was confirmed in vivo using myeloma-in-mouse xenografts. FOXM1-dependent regulation of total and phosphorylated Rb agreed with a working model of myeloma suggesting that FOXM1 governs both chromosomal instability (CIN) and E2F-dependent proliferation, using a mechanism that involves interaction with NIMA related kinase 2 (NEK2) and cyclin dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings enhanced our understanding of the emerging FOXM1 genetic network in myeloma and provided preclinical support for the therapeutic targeting of the FOXM1-NEK2 and CDK4/6-Rb-E2F pathways using small-drug CDK and NEK2 inhibitors. Clinical research is warranted to assess whether this approach may overcome drug resistance in FOXM1Hi myeloma and, thereby, improve the outcome of patients in which the transcription factor is expressed at high levels.
Author List
Gu C, Jing X, Holman C, Sompallae R, Zhan F, Tricot G, Yang Y, Janz SAuthor
Siegfried Janz MD Professor in the Medicine department at Medical College of WisconsinMESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AnimalsAntineoplastic Agents
Bortezomib
Cell Line, Tumor
Cell Proliferation
Cell Survival
Doxorubicin
Drug Resistance
Drug Tolerance
Forkhead Box Protein M1
Gene Expression Profiling
Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
Humans
Mice, Inbred NOD
Mice, Knockout
Mice, SCID
Multiple Myeloma
Up-Regulation
Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays