Individual-, Community-, and Health System-Level Barriers to Optimal Type 2 Diabetes Care for Inner-City African Americans: An Integrative Review and Model Development. Diabetes Educ 2020 02;46(1):11-27
Date
12/06/2019Pubmed ID
31802703Pubmed Central ID
PMC7853305DOI
10.1177/0145721719889338Scopus ID
2-s2.0-85077202382 9 CitationsAbstract
PURPOSE: The purpose of this integrative review is (1) to elucidate the unique barriers faced by inner-city African Americans for type 2 diabetes (T2DM) care; (2) to identify effective interventions/programs for optimal T2DM care at the individual, community, and health systems levels; and (3) to integrate 2 behavioral models and 1 social ecological model for framing interventions for inner-city African American to optimize T2DM care.
METHODS: PRISMA guidelines were followed to systematically search PubMed, PsychInfo, and CINAHL. Integration of models was based on underlying principles of social ecological models.
RESULTS: The search returned 1183 articles. Forty-six articles were synthesized after applying inclusion criteria. Multiple barriers for the individual level, community level, and health system level were identified. Major barriers include lack of knowledge, lack of social support, and self-management support. Interventions identified in this review show that among inner-city African Americans with T2DM, the focus is placed at the health systems level, with very limited focus toward addressing individual- and community-level barriers. Final synthesis includes development of a new integrated model that explains barriers to care across multiple levels.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlight the fragmentation that may be occurring between policy, research, and practice for achieving health equity and addressing health disparities for T2DM care among inner-city African Americans. The new model is an important step in the pursuit of equity in T2DM by specifying the complex barriers that occur across multiple levels. The application of this model using the 2017 National Standards for Diabetes-Self Management Education and Support are discussed.
Author List
Campbell JA, Egede LEAuthors
Jennifer Annette Campbell PhD, MPH Assistant Professor in the Medicine department at Medical College of WisconsinLeonard E. Egede MD Center Director, Chief, Professor in the Medicine department at Medical College of Wisconsin
MESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AdultAfrican Americans
Cities
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2
Female
Health Behavior
Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice
Health Services Accessibility
Humans
Male
Middle Aged
Patient Acceptance of Health Care
Social Environment
Social Support
United States
Urban Population
