Superoxide generation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase: the influence of cofactors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998 Aug 04;95(16):9220-5
Date
08/05/1998Pubmed ID
9689061Pubmed Central ID
PMC21319DOI
10.1073/pnas.95.16.9220Scopus ID
2-s2.0-0032482975 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site) 1267 CitationsAbstract
The mechanism of superoxide generation by endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) was investigated by the electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique using 5-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide. In the absence of calcium/calmodulin, eNOS produces low amounts of superoxide. Upon activating eNOS electron transfer reactions by calcium/calmodulin binding, superoxide formation is increased. Heme-iron ligands, cyanide, imidazole, and the phenyl(diazene)-derived radical inhibit superoxide generation. No inhibition is observed after addition of L-arginine, NG-hydroxy-L-arginine, L-thiocitrulline, and L-NG-monomethyl arginine to activated eNOS. These results demonstrate that superoxide is generated from the oxygenase domain by dissociation of the ferrous-dioxygen complex and that occupation of the L-arginine binding site does not inhibit this process. However, the concomitant addition of L-arginine and tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) abolishes superoxide generation by eNOS. Under these conditions, L-citrulline production is close to maximal. Our data indicate that BH4 fully couples L-arginine oxidation to NADPH consumption and prevents dissociation of the ferrous-dioxygen complex. Under these conditions, eNOS does not generate superoxide. The presence of flavins, at concentrations commonly employed in NOS assay systems, enhances superoxide generation from the reductase domain. Our data indicate that modulation of BH4 concentration may regulate the ratio of superoxide to nitric oxide generated by eNOS.
Author List
Vásquez-Vivar J, Kalyanaraman B, Martásek P, Hogg N, Masters BS, Karoui H, Tordo P, Pritchard KA JrAuthors
Neil Hogg PhD Associate Dean, Professor in the Biophysics department at Medical College of WisconsinBalaraman Kalyanaraman PhD Professor in the Biophysics department at Medical College of Wisconsin
Kirkwood A. Pritchard PhD Professor in the Surgery department at Medical College of Wisconsin
Jeannette M. Vasquez-Vivar PhD Professor in the Biophysics department at Medical College of Wisconsin
MESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AnimalsArginine
Calcium
Calmodulin
Cattle
Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
NADP
NADPH Oxidases
Nitric Oxide Synthase
Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III
Spin Labels
Superoxides