The Gene Ontology knowledgebase in 2026. Nucleic Acids Res 2026 Jan 06;54(D1):D1779-D1792
Date
12/19/2025Pubmed ID
41413728Pubmed Central ID
PMC12807639DOI
10.1093/nar/gkaf1292Scopus ID
2-s2.0-105027746750 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site) 109 CitationsAbstract
The Gene Ontology (GO) knowledgebase (https://geneontology.org) is a comprehensive resource describing the functions of genes. The GO knowledgebase is regularly updated and improved. We describe here the major updates that have been made in the past 3 years. The ontology and annotations have been expanded and revised, particularly in several areas of biology: cellular metabolism, multi-organism interactions (e.g. host-pathogen), extracellular matrix proteins, chromatin remodeling (e.g. the "histone code"), and noncoding RNA functions. We have released version 2 of a comprehensive set of integrated, reviewed annotations for human genes, which we call the "functionome." We have also dramatically increased the number of GO-CAM models, with over 1500 models of metabolic and signaling pathways, primarily in human, mouse, budding and fission yeast, and fruit fly. Finally, we discuss our current recommendations and future prospects of AI in the use and development of GO.
Author List
Gene Ontology ConsortiumAuthors
Melinda R. Dwinell PhD Associate Dean, Professor in the Physiology department at Medical College of WisconsinAnne E. Kwitek PhD Professor in the Physiology department at Medical College of Wisconsin
Shur-Jen Wang Research Scientist II in the Physiology department at Medical College of Wisconsin
MESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AnimalsDatabases, Genetic
Gene Ontology
Humans
Knowledge Bases
Mice
Molecular Sequence Annotation
