Association between major depression, depressive symptoms and personal income in US adults with diabetes. Gen Hosp Psychiatry 2010;32(5):484-91
Date
09/21/2010Pubmed ID
20851268DOI
10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2010.06.004Scopus ID
2-s2.0-77956884919 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site) 26 CitationsAbstract
OBJECTIVE: Although the association between diabetes and depression outcomes has been well studied, very little is known about the association between depression and personal income in adults with diabetes. We examined the association between major depression, number of depressive symptoms and personal income among individuals with diabetes.
METHODS: We used the two-stage Heckman procedure to estimate adjusted personal income by major depression status and number of depressive symptoms for 1818 adults with diabetes from the nationally representative 2006 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. STATA V.10 was used for statistical analysis to account for the complex survey design.
RESULTS: In a fully adjusted model with major depression as a binary variable, major depression was associated with $2838 lower personal income. In a separate model with depressive symptoms as a continuous variable, each additional symptom was associated with $1235 lower personal income. Compared with being white/non-Hispanic, being black/non-Hispanic (-$4640) was associated with decreased personal income. Compared with excellent health status, fair health status (-$12,172) and poor health status (-$13,835) were associated with lower income. Relative to private insurance, public insurance only (-$8413) and being uninsured (-$9600) were associated with decreased income.
CONCLUSIONS: Among adults with diabetes, major depression and depressive symptoms are associated with lower personal income, after adjusting for relevant confounders. This finding suggests that aggressively diagnosing and treating depression as well as keeping people free of depressive symptoms can have huge human capital savings over the employment lifetime of individuals with diabetes and depression.
Author List
Dismuke CE, Egede LEAuthor
Leonard E. Egede MD Center Director, Chief, Professor in the Medicine department at Medical College of WisconsinMESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AdolescentAdult
Aged
Aged, 80 and over
Comorbidity
Depression
Depressive Disorder, Major
Diabetes Mellitus
Female
Health Expenditures
Health Status
Health Surveys
Humans
Income
Insurance Coverage
Male
Middle Aged
Socioeconomic Factors
Statistics as Topic
United States
Young Adult
