Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: prospective development of a risk scoring system. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2014 Feb;76(2):424-30
Date
01/25/2014Pubmed ID
24458048DOI
10.1097/TA.0000000000000105Scopus ID
2-s2.0-84894202112 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site) 36 CitationsAbstract
BACKGROUND: Of the patients with a Clostridium difficile infection, 2% to 8% will progress to fulminant C. difficile colitis (fCDC), which carries high morbidity and mortality. No system exists to rapidly identify patients at risk for developing fCDC and possibly in need of surgical intervention. Our aim was to design a simple and accurate risk scoring system (RSS) for daily clinical practice.
METHODS: We prospectively enrolled all patients diagnosed with a C. difficile infection and compared patients with and without fCDC. An expert panel, combined with data derived from previous studies, identified four risk factors, and a multivariable logistic regression model was performed to determine their effect in predicting fCDC. The RSS was created based on the predictive power of each factor, and calibration, discrimination, and test characteristics were subsequently determined. In addition, the RSS was compared with a previously proposed severity scoring system.
RESULTS: A total of 746 patients diagnosed with C. difficile infection were enrolled between November 2010 and October 2012. Based on the log (odds ratio) of each risk factor, age greater than 70 years was assigned 2 points, white blood cell count equal to or greater than 20,000/μL or equal to or less than 2,000/μL was assigned 1 point, cardiorespiratory failure was assigned 7 points, and diffuse abdominal tenderness on physical examination was assigned 6 points. With the use of this system, the discriminatory value of the RSS (c statistic) was 0.98 (95% confidence interval, 0.96-1).The Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test showed a p value of 0.78, and the Brier score was 0.019. A value of 6 points was determined to be the threshold for reliably dividing low-risk ( <6) from high-risk (≥ 6) patients.
CONCLUSION: The RSS is a valid and reliable tool to identify at the bedside patients who are at risk for developing fCDC. External validation is needed before widespread implementation.
LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic study, level II.
Author List
van der Wilden GM, Chang Y, Cropano C, Subramanian M, Schipper IB, Yeh DD, King DR, de Moya MA, Fagenholz PJ, Velmahos GCAuthor
Marc Anthony De Moya MD Chief, Professor in the Surgery department at Medical College of WisconsinMESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold
AdultAge Distribution
Analysis of Variance
Anti-Bacterial Agents
Cohort Studies
Disease Progression
Enterocolitis, Pseudomembranous
Female
Humans
Incidence
Logistic Models
Male
Middle Aged
Multivariate Analysis
Predictive Value of Tests
Prognosis
Prospective Studies
Reproducibility of Results
Risk Assessment
Severity of Illness Index
Sex Distribution
Statistics, Nonparametric
Survival Analysis
Treatment Outcome
