Faculty Collaboration Database

Patterning the gastrointestinal epithelium to confer regional-specific functions. Dev Biol 2018 Mar 15;435(2):97-108

Date

01/18/2018

Pubmed ID

29339095

Pubmed Central ID

PMC6615902

DOI

10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.01.006

Scopus ID

2-s2.0-85042765603 (requires institutional sign-in at Scopus site)   61 Citations

Abstract

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract, in simplest terms, can be described as an epithelial-lined muscular tube extending along the cephalocaudal axis from the oral cavity to the anus. Although the general architecture of the GI tract organs is conserved from end to end, the presence of different epithelial tissue structures and unique epithelial cell types within each organ enables each to perform the distinct digestive functions required for efficient nutrient assimilation. Spatiotemporal regulation of signaling pathways and downstream transcription factors controls GI epithelial morphogenesis during development to confer essential regional-specific epithelial structures and functions. Here, we discuss the fundamental functions of each GI tract organ and summarize the diversity of epithelial structures present along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Next, we discuss findings, primarily from genetic mouse models, that have defined the roles of key transcription factors during epithelial morphogenesis, including p63, SOX2, SOX15, GATA4, GATA6, HNF4A, and HNF4G. Additionally, we examine how the Hedgehog, WNT, and BMP signaling pathways contribute to defining unique epithelial features along the cephalocaudal axis of the GI tract. Lastly, we examine the molecular mechanisms controlling regionalized cytodifferentiation of organ-specific epithelial cell types within the GI tract, concentrating on the stomach and small intestine. The delineation of GI epithelial patterning mechanisms in mice has provided fundamental knowledge to guide the development and refinement of three-dimensional GI organotypic culture models such as those derived from directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells and those derived directly from human tissue samples. Continued examination of these pathways will undoubtedly provide vital insights into the mechanisms of GI development and disease and may afford new avenues for innovative tissue engineering and personalized medicine approaches to treating GI diseases.

Author List

Thompson CA, DeLaForest A, Battle MA

MESH terms used to index this publication - Major topics in bold

Animals
Cell Differentiation
Epithelial Cells
Gastrointestinal Tract
Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
Homeodomain Proteins
Humans
Intestinal Absorption
Intestinal Mucosa
Intestine, Small
Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins
Mice
Morphogenesis
Multigene Family
Organ Specificity
Signal Transduction
Stomach
Transcription Factors