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Cynthia A. Lien MD

Cynthia A. Lien MD profile photo picture

Chair, Professor

Institution: Medical College of Wisconsin
Department: Anesthesiology
Division: Administration
Program: Froedtert Hospital East

Member of the Comprehensive Injury Center

View Curriculum Vitae

Research Experience

  • Adult
  • Aged
  • Anesthesia
  • Anesthesiology
  • Anesthetics
  • Atracurium
  • Certification
  • Cholinesterase Inhibitors
  • Clinical Competence
  • Cysteine
  • Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
  • Education
  • Education, Medical, Graduate
  • Educational Measurement
  • Histamine Release
  • Isoquinolines
  • Monitoring, Intraoperative
  • Neuromuscular Blockade
  • Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
  • Neuromuscular Blocking Agents
  • Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents
  • Neuromuscular Depolarizing Agents
  • Neuromuscular Junction
  • Neuromuscular Nondepolarizing Agents
  • Pharmacokinetics
  • Postoperative Complications
  • Safety
  • Specialty Boards
  • Stereoisomerism

    • Clinical Expertise

  • Anesthesiology

    • Leadership Positions

  • John P. Kampine Professor and Chair

    • Publications (152)

  • 2023 American Society of Anesthesiologists Practice Guidelines for Monitoring and Antagonism of Neuromuscular Blockade: A Report by the American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Neuromuscular Blockade. (Thilen SR, Weigel WA, Todd MM, Dutton RP, Lien CA, Grant SA, Szokol JW, Eriksson LI, Yaster M, Grant MD, Agarkar M, Marbella AM, Blanck JF, Domino KB) Anesthesiology 2023 Jan 01;138(1):13-41 PMID: 36520073 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85144196423 12/16/2022       71 Citations
  • Vigilance: the behavioral impact of quantitative monitoring on administration and antagonism of neuromuscular blocking agents (Grivoyannis AD, Tangel V, Lien CA) Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing August 2022;36(4):1043-1051 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85108648781 08/01/2022    
  • Vigilance: the behavioral impact of quantitative monitoring on administration and antagonism of neuromuscular blocking agents. (Grivoyannis AD, Tangel V, Lien CA) J Clin Monit Comput 2022 Aug;36(4):1043-1051 PMID: 34156581 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85108648781 06/23/2021    
  • In Response. (Warner DO, Lien CA, Wang T, Zhou Y, Isaak RS, Peterson-Layne C, Harman AE, Macario A, Gaiser RR, Suresh S, Rathmell JP, Keegan MT, Cole DJ, Fahy BG, Dainer RJ, Sun H) Anesth Analg 2021 Jul 01;133(1):e5-e7 PMID: 34127597 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85108233655 06/16/2021       1 Citation
  • Trends in personal protective equipment use by clinicians performing airway procedures for patients with coronavirus disease 2019 in the USA from the intubateCOVID registry. (Gaulton TG, Neuman MD, US intubateCOVID Investigators) Br J Anaesth 2021 May;126(5):e184-e186 PMID: 33612248 PMCID: PMC8052559 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85104297993 02/23/2021       1 Citation
  • Evolving Neuroanesthesia Practice. (Kirsch JR, Lien CA) Anesthesiol Clin 2021 Mar;39(1):xv-xvi PMID: 33563390 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85100406266 02/11/2021    
  • First-Year Results of the American Board of Anesthesiology's Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Initial Certification. (Warner DO, Lien CA, Wang T, Zhou Y, Isaak RS, Peterson-Layne C, Harman AE, Macario A, Gaiser RR, Suresh S, Culley DJ, Rathmell JP, Keegan MT, Cole DJ, Fahy BG, Dainer RJ, Sun H) Anesth Analg 2020 Nov;131(5):1412-1418 PMID: 33079864 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85093975106 10/21/2020       13 Citations
  • Profound Neuromuscular Blockade: Advantages and Challenges for Patients, Anesthesiologists, and Surgeons. (Lien CA) Current Anesthesiology Reports 2018;8:161-7 08/13/2020    
  • ABA MOCS 2.0: A Pathway to Professionalism (Lien CA, Rathmell JP. ) ASA Monitor 2016;80:14-17 08/13/2020    
  • Standing my Ground: Memoir of a Woman Physician. (Lien CA.) Book Review, Anesthesiology 2015;123:737-738 08/13/2020    
  • Development of new neuromuscular blocking agents. (Sunaga H, Lien CA.) Current Anesthesiology Reports 2013:3:105-13 08/13/2020    
  • Physiology and pharmacology of neuromuscular transmission: New developments that may change your practice. (Kopman D, Lien CA. ) ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, PA 2009:37:107-117 08/13/2020    
  • Neuromuscular transmission: New developments that may change your practice. (Lien CA. ) 59th Annual Refresher Course Lectures 2008 08/13/2020    
  • The neuromuscular junction: Pharmacologic applications during anesthesia. (Lien CA. ) Anesthesiology 58th Annual Refresher Course Lectures 2007 08/13/2020    
  • The neuromuscular junction: Pharmacologic applications during anesthesia. (Lien CA. ) Anesthesiology 57th Annual Refresher Course Lectures 2006 08/13/2020    
  • The neuromuscular junction: Pharmacologic applications during anesthesia. (Lien CA. ) Anesthesiology: ASA Refresher Courses in Anesthesiology Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadephia, PA. 2005;275:1-6 08/13/2020    
  • What's new in Muscle Relaxant Development? (Lien CA) The North Carolina Society of Anesthesiologists Newsletter Vol. 13, Spring 2004, 4-7 08/13/2020    
  • The effect of anesthesia on thermoregulation in the elderly patient. (Lien CA, Fogarty Mack P. ) Current Anesthesiology Reports 2000;6:473-481 08/13/2020    
  • Thermoregulation in the Elderly. Syllabus on Geriatric Anesthesiology. (Lien CA. ) ASA Subcommittee on Geriatric Anesthesiology Version 7/13/01 08/13/2020    
  • Use of Nondepolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in the Elderly. Syllabus on Geriatric Anesthesiology. (Lien CA. ) ASA Subcommittee on Geriatric Anesthesiology Version 7/13/01 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists. (Naguib M, Lien CA, Meistelman C. ) Miller RD (ed), Anesthesia, 8th Edition. Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA 2014, pp 958-994 08/13/2020    
  • The process of Board Certification (Harman A, Lien CA. ) Frost EAM (ed), Comprehensive Guide to Education in Anesthesia. Springer, NY 2013, 99-116 08/13/2020    
  • Pulmonary issues in the elderly patient. (Pamnani A, Lien CA, Rooke GA. ) Barnett SR (ed), Manual of Geriatric Anesthesia, Springer Science +Business Media, New York 2013, 217-233 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists (Naguib M, Lien CA. ) Miller RD (ed), Anesthesia 7th Edition. Churchill Livingston Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2010, 589-914 08/13/2020    
  • Relaxants and Their Reversal Agents. (Lien CA, Suzuki T. ) Silverstein JH, Rooke GA, Reeves JG, McLesky CH (eds), Geriatric Anesthesiology, Second Edition. Springer, New York 2008, 266-277 08/13/2020    
  • Myasthenia Gravis (Swamidoss CP, Lien CA. ) Anesthesiology: Problem Orientated Patient Management, 6th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2008, 1075-1090 08/13/2020    
  • Carotid Endarterectomy (Bustillo M, Lien CA. ) Yao F (ed). Anesthesiology: Problem Orientated Patient Management, 6th Edition. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins. Philadelphia 2008, 548-576 08/13/2020    
  • New neuromuscular blocking and reversal agents (Lien CA. ) Hemmerling TM (ed), A Guidebook to Neuromuscular Transmission, Blockade and Monitoring for Anaesthesia and Intensive Care. Research Signpost, Kerala, India 2007, 34-54 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists (Naguib M, Lien CA. ) Miller RD (ed), Anesthesia 6th Edition. Churchill Livingston, Philadelphia 2005, 481-572 08/13/2020    
  • Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy (Lee M, Lien CA. ) Yao F (ed), Anesthesiology: Problem Oriented Patient Management, 5th Edition. J.B. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2003, pp 530-556 08/13/2020    
  • Myasthenia gravis (Sousa MM, Lien CA. ) Yao F (ed), Anesthesiology: Problem Oriented Patient Management, 5th Edition. J.B. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia 2003, pp 1019-1032 08/13/2020    
  • The pharmacology of GW280430A: A new nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent. (Lien CA.) Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain. 2002; 21:86-91 08/13/2020    
  • Neuromuscular Junction Pharmacology. (Lien CA, Savarese JJ. ) Hemmings HC and Hopkins (eds), Foundation in Anesthesia. Mosby International, London 2000, pp 339-354 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacology of Muscle Relaxants and their Antagonists (Savarese JJ, Caldwell J, Lien CA, Miller RD.) Miller RD (ed), Anesthesia, fifth edition. Churchill-Livingstone, Philadelphia 2000, PP 412-490 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) Model of CW002, an Investigational Intermediate Neuromuscular Blocking (NMB) Agent in Healthy Volunteers (Kaullen J, Owen J, Brouwer K, Heerdt PM, Lien CA, Savarese JJ, Schmith VD.) American Society of Clinical Pharmacology and Theraputics 2017 08/13/2020    
  • The Impact of Quantitative Monitoring on Dosing and Antagonism of Residual Neuromuscular Block. (Grivoyannis A, Tangel V, Tope CP, Lien CA. ) 2016 Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists, Chicago, IL October, 2016 08/13/2020    
  • Reimagining MOC: Innovation in knowledge assessment to support lifelong learning. (Sun H, Zhou Y, Culley D, Lien CA, Harman Ae, Post M, Warner DO. ) 2016 ABMS Workshop on Adult Learning. Cleveland, OH September 2016 08/13/2020    
  • Timing and outcomes of permanent pacemaker placement after aortic valve replacement. (Turnbull ZA, Tangel V, Alexander MJ, Chan C, Lien CA, Ivascu N. ) Association of University Anesthesiologists, 63rd Annual Meeting San Francisco, CA 2016, Clinc OC 95 (105) 08/13/2020    
  • Pharmacokinetics of CW002, a novel neuromuscular blocking agent in the initial cohorts of a Phase 1 clinical trial. (Owen JS, Heerdt PM, Malhotra JK, Murrell MT, Trepainer NM, Lien CA. ) American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists, San Antonio, TX November 14, 2013, AM-13-2771 08/13/2020    
  • potency and preliminary pharmacodynamics of the novel neuromuscular blocking drug CW002 in humans during sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. (Murrell MT, Malhotra J, Sunaga H, Savard P, Godfrey D, Heerdt P, Lien CA. ) ASA, San Francisco, CA 2013, LBB03 08/13/2020    
  • Preliminary pharmacokinetics of the novel neuromuscular blocking drug CW002 in humans during sevoflurane/nitrous oxide anesthesia. (Malhotra J, Owen J, Murrell M, Sunaga H, Savard H, Godfrey D, Heerdt P, Lien C. ) ASA, San Francisco, CA 2013, LBB04 08/13/2020    
  • First use of the novel neuromuscular blocking drug CW002 in man: Single dose pharmacodynamic assessment during Propofol or sevoflurane anesthesia. (Murrell MT, Malhotra J, Sunaga H, Heerdt PM, Lien C. ) IARS, San Diego, CA 2013, S-50 08/13/2020    
  • Twitch amplitude vs. maximal rate of change for mechanomyographic assessment of neuromuscular blockade. (Heerdt PM, Sunaga H, Zhang J, Malhotra J, Murrell MT, Lien C. ) IARS, San Diego, CA 2013, S-382 08/13/2020    
  • In Reply to Kempen PM. Corporate interests necessitate conflict of interest declarations by all authors. (Rathmell JR, Lien CA, Harman A. ) Anesthesiology 2014; 121:432 08/13/2020    
  • In Reply to Cerny V, Herold I, Cvachovec K, Sevcik, Adamus M. Guidelines for managing neuromuscular block: not only Czech beer deserves a taste. (Naguib M, Kopman AF, Lien CA, Hunter JM, Brull SJ. ) Anesth Analg 2011; 112:482 08/13/2020    
  • Newsletter readers invited to participate in survey on residual neuromuscular paralysis in PACU (Naguib M, Kopman A, Lien CA, Hunter JM, Brull SJ. ) Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Newsletter Summer 2008, 23:26 08/13/2020    
  • Recovery from neuromuscular blockade: How much is enough? (Lien CA. ) Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation Winter, 2001-2002; 16:61 08/13/2020    
  • First-Year Results of the American Board of Anesthesiology's Objective Structured Clinical Examination for Initial Certification. (Warner DO, Lien CA, Wang T, Zhou Y, Isaak RS, Peterson-Layne C, Harman AE, Macario A, Gaiser RR, Suresh S, Culley DJ, Rathmell JP, Keegan MT, Cole DJ, Fahy BG, Dainer RJ, Sun H) Anesth Analg 2020 Jul 23 PMID: 32739956 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85093975106 08/03/2020       13 Citations
  • Sugammadex and Hypersensitivity-Related Reactions: a Review (Gregory RJ, Woehlck H, Lien CA) Current Anesthesiology Reports 1 June 2020;10(2):123-130 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85085057366 06/01/2020    
  • Gender distribution in United States anaesthesiology residency programme directors: trends and implications (Gonzalez LS, Fahy BG, Lien CA) British Journal of Anaesthesia March 2020;124(3):e63-e69 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85078014568 03/01/2020       18 Citations
  • Gender distribution in United States anaesthesiology residency programme directors: trends and implications. (Gonzalez LS, Fahy BG, Lien CA) Br J Anaesth 2020 Mar;124(3):e63-e69 PMID: 31980155 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85078014568 01/26/2020       18 Citations
  • Development of an Objective Structured Clinical Examination as a Component of Assessment for Initial Board Certification in Anesthesiology. (Warner DO, Isaak RS, Peterson-Layne C, Lien CA, Sun H, Menzies AO, Cole DJ, Dainer RJ, Fahy BG, Macario A, Suresh S, Harman AE) Anesth Analg 2020 Jan;130(1):258-264 PMID: 31688077 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85076873593 11/07/2019       21 Citations
  • A 50-year analysis of gender differences in United States authorship of original research articles in two major anesthesiology journals (Pagel PS, Freed JK, Lien CA) Scientometrics 1 October 2019;121(1):371-386 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85069887802 10/01/2019       5 Citations
  • In Response. (Tung A, Harman A, Lien CA) Anesth Analg 2019 Nov;129(5):e173 PMID: 31478932 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85073303894 09/04/2019       1 Citation
  • Gender Composition and Trends of Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia Editorial Board Membership: A 33-Year Analysis, 1987-2019. (Pagel PS, Freed JK, Lien CA) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019 Dec;33(12):3229-3234 PMID: 31412981 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85070355320 08/16/2019       24 Citations
  • Heuristics, Overconfidence, and Experience: Impact on Monitoring Depth of Neuromuscular Blockade. (Harman A, Tung A, Fox C, Lien CA) Anesth Analg 2019 Jun;128(6):1057-1059 PMID: 31094765 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85066851102 05/17/2019       12 Citations
  • Gender Differences in Authorship in the Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia: A 28-Year Analysis of Publications Originating From the United States, 1990-2017. (Pagel PS, Freed JK, Lien CA) J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2019 Mar;33(3):593-599 PMID: 30638921 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85059613187 01/15/2019       23 Citations
  • Teaching a Point-of-Care Ultrasound Curriculum to Anesthesiology Trainees With Traditional Didactic Lectures or an Online E-Learning Platform: A Pilot Study. (Haskins SC, Feldman D, Fields KG, Kirksey MA, Lien CA, Luu TH, Nejim JA, Osorio JA, Yang EI) J Educ Perioper Med 2018;20(3):E624 PMID: 30510972 PMCID: PMC6257000 12/05/2018    
  • In Reply. (Warner DO, Zhou Y, Keegan MT, Lien CA, Sun H) Anesthesiology 2018 Dec;129(6):1191-1192 PMID: 30422859 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85056502615 11/14/2018    
  • Optimizing Patient Access During an Emergency While Using Intraoperative Computed Tomography. (Bustillo MA, Lien CA, Mack PF, Kopman DJ, Safavynia SA, Rubin L, Stein D, Hartl R, Stieg PE, Hernandez RN, Goldstein PA) World Neurosurg 2019 Jan;121:274-278.e1 PMID: 30266700 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85055257185 09/30/2018       4 Citations
  • If Only the Practice of Evidence-Based Medicine Was as Simple as Creating Guidelines…. (Lien CA) Anesth Analg 2018 Jul;127(1):9-11 PMID: 29912053 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85053375499 06/19/2018    
  • Gender Distribution of the American Board of Anesthesiology Diplomates, Examiners, and Directors (1985-2015). (Fahy BG, Culley DJ, Sun H, Dainer R, Lutkoski BP, Lien CA) Anesth Analg 2018 Aug;127(2):564-568 PMID: 29683833 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85056740762 04/24/2018       19 Citations
  • Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic Model of CW002, an Investigational Intermediate Neuromuscular Blocking Agent, in Healthy Volunteers. (Kaullen JD, Owen JS, Brouwer KLR, Heerdt PM, Lien CA, Savarese JJ, Schmith VD) Anesthesiology 2018 Jun;128(6):1107-1116 PMID: 29494403 PMCID: PMC5953789 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85053906850 03/02/2018       2 Citations
  • Neuromuscular blockers and reversal drugs (Lien CA, Eikermann M) Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application 1 January 2018:428-454 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85081886313 01/01/2018       1 Citation
  • Effect of the BASIC Examination on Knowledge Acquisition during Anesthesiology Residency. (Zhou Y, Sun H, Lien CA, Keegan MT, Wang T, Harman AE, Warner DO) Anesthesiology 2018 Apr;128(4):813-820 PMID: 29251641 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85053481634 12/19/2017       10 Citations
  • Neuromuscular blocking and reversal agents (Lien CA) Geriatric Anesthesiology: Third Edition 27 October 2017:321-332 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85043724643 10/27/2017    
  • Simulation for Assessment of the Practice of Board-certified Anesthesiologists. (Lien CA, Warner MA, Rathmell JP) Anesthesiology 2017 Sep;127(3):410-412 PMID: 28671902 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85021794663 07/04/2017       2 Citations
  • The ABMS MOC Part III Examination: Value, Concerns, and Alternative Formats. (Hawkins RE, Irons MB, Welcher CM, Pouwels MV, Holmboe ES, Reisdorff EJ, Cohen JM, Dentzer S, Nichols DG, Lien CA, Horn TD, Noone RB, Lipner RS, Eva KW, Norcini JJ, Nora LM, Gold JP) Acad Med 2016 Nov;91(11):1509-1515 PMID: 27355778 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84992549047 10/26/2016       16 Citations
  • Association between Participation in an Intensive Longitudinal Assessment Program and Performance on a Cognitive Examination in the Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program®. (Sun H, Zhou Y, Culley DJ, Lien CA, Harman AE, Warner DO) Anesthesiology 2016 Nov;125(5):1046-1055 PMID: 27560464 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84983488840 10/19/2016       22 Citations
  • Dose-response and Cardiopulmonary Side Effects of the Novel Neuromuscular-blocking Drug CW002 in Man. (Heerdt PM, Sunaga H, Owen JS, Murrell MT, Malhotra JK, Godfrey D, Steinkamp M, Savard P, Savarese JJ, Lien CA) Anesthesiology 2016 Dec;125(6):1136-1143 PMID: 27749289 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84991489693 10/18/2016       14 Citations
  • Education in Anesthesiology: Is It Time to Expand the Focus? (McEvoy MD, Lien CA) A A Case Rep 2016 Jun 15;6(12):380-2 PMID: 27301051 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85013172485 06/15/2016       3 Citations
  • Provider Board Certification Status and Practice Patterns in Total Knee Arthroplasty. (Fleischut PM, Eskreis-Winkler JM, Gaber-Baylis LK, Giambrone GP, Wu X, Sun X, Lien CA, Faggiani SL, Dutton RP, Memtsoudis SG) Acad Med 2016 Jan;91(1):79-86 PMID: 26200572 PMCID: PMC4826752 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84952948755 07/23/2015       7 Citations
  • Predictors of performance on the Maintenance of Certification in Anesthesiology Program® (MOCA®) examination. (Sun H, Culley DJ, Lien CA, Kitchener DL, Harman AE, Warner DO) J Clin Anesth 2015 Feb;27(1):1-6 PMID: 25468588 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84923254238 12/04/2014       14 Citations
  • Current recommendations for monitoring depth of neuromuscular blockade. (Lien CA, Kopman AF) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2014 Dec;27(6):616-22 PMID: 25251919 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84927962322 09/25/2014       32 Citations
  • In reply. (Rathmell JP, Lien CA, Harman A) Anesthesiology 2014 Aug;121(2):432 PMID: 25050507 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84904915968 07/23/2014    
  • Community healthcare delivery post-Hurricane Sandy: lessons from a mobile health unit. (Lien C, Raimo J, Abramowitz J, Khanijo S, Kritharis A, Mason C, Jarmon CH, Nash IS, Carney MT) J Community Health 2014 Jun;39(3):599-605 PMID: 24343196 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84900846808 12/18/2013       17 Citations
  • Objective structured clinical examination and board certification in anesthesiology. (Rathmell JP, Lien C, Harman A) Anesthesiology 2014 Jan;120(1):4-6 PMID: 24201034 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84894633521 11/10/2013       12 Citations
  • Development of New Neuromuscular Blocking Agents (Sunaga H, Lien CA) Current Anesthesiology Reports June 2013;3(2):105-113 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85140954855 06/01/2013    
  • Neuromuscular Blockers and Reversal Drugs (Lien CA, Eikermann M) Pharmacology and Physiology for Anesthesia: Foundations and Clinical Application January 2013:325-348 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84887982709 01/01/2013       5 Citations
  • A need to establish programs to detect and prevent drug diversion. (Lien CA) Mayo Clin Proc 2012 Jul;87(7):607-9 PMID: 22766079 PMCID: PMC3498429 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84863446353 07/07/2012       4 Citations
  • Myasthenia gravis (Swamidoss CP, Lien CA) Yao & Artusio's Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriented Patient Management: Seventh Edition 18 January 2012:1154-1167 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84975311994 01/18/2012    
  • Carotid endarterectomy (Bustillo M, Lien CA) Yao & Artusio's Anesthesiology: Problem-Oriented Patient Management: Seventh Edition 18 January 2012:478-507 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84975267529 01/18/2012    
  • Development and potential clinical impairment of ultra-short-acting neuromuscular blocking agents. (Lien CA) Br J Anaesth 2011 Dec;107 Suppl 1:i60-71 PMID: 22156271 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-83455233763 12/22/2011       30 Citations
  • In response (Naguib M, Kopman AF, Lien CA, Hunter JM, Brull SJ) Anesthesia and Analgesia February 2011;112(2):482-483 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-79251578946 02/01/2011    
  • Neuromuscular dose-response studies: determining sample size. (Kopman AF, Lien CA, Naguib M) Br J Anaesth 2011 Feb;106(2):194-8 PMID: 21068050 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-78751499385 11/12/2010       14 Citations
  • Determining the potency of neuromuscular blockers (Kopman AF, Lien CA, Naguib M) British Journal of Anaesthesia October 2010;105(4):544-545 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-77956896004 10/01/2010    
  • Perioperative hypothermia (33 degrees C) does not increase the occurrence of cardiovascular events in patients undergoing cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. (Nguyen HP, Zaroff JG, Bayman EO, Gelb AW, Todd MM, Hindman BJ, IHAST-MIDS and IHAST Investigators) Anesthesiology 2010 Aug;113(2):327-42 PMID: 20571361 PMCID: PMC2910193 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-77955177076 06/24/2010       34 Citations
  • Determining the potency of neuromuscular blockers: are traditional methods flawed? (Kopman AF, Lien CA, Naguib M) Br J Anaesth 2010 Jun;104(6):705-10 PMID: 20430764 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-77952474089 05/01/2010       10 Citations
  • Determining the potency of neuromuscular blockers (Kopman AF, Lien CA, Naguib M) British Journal of Anaesthesia October 2010;105(4):544-545 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-77956941419 01/01/2010    
  • No association between intraoperative hypothermia or supplemental protective drug and neurologic outcomes in patients undergoing temporary clipping during cerebral aneurysm surgery: findings from the Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial. (Hindman BJ, Bayman EO, Pfisterer WK, Torner JC, Todd MM, IHAST Investigators) Anesthesiology 2010 Jan;112(1):86-101 PMID: 19952722 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-74049151086 12/03/2009       70 Citations
  • Neostigmine: how much is necessary for patients who receive a nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent? (Lien CA) Anesthesiology 2010 Jan;112(1):16-8 PMID: 19952723 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-74049120777 12/03/2009       11 Citations
  • A survey of current management of neuromuscular block in the United States and Europe. (Naguib M, Kopman AF, Lien CA, Hunter JM, Lopez A, Brull SJ) Anesth Analg 2010 Jul;111(1):110-9 PMID: 19910616 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-77954684148 11/17/2009       257 Citations
  • Perioperative fever and outcome in surgical patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. (Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC, Weeks JB, Bayman EO, Shi Q, Spofford CM, IHAST Investigators) Neurosurgery 2009 May;64(5):897-908; discussion 908 PMID: 19404150 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-67650733224 05/01/2009       59 Citations
  • Fumarates: unique nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents that are antagonized by cysteine. (Lien CA, Savard P, Belmont M, Sunaga H, Savarese JJ) J Crit Care 2009 Mar;24(1):50-7 PMID: 19272539 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-61449132443 03/11/2009       23 Citations
  • Effect of nitrous oxide use on long-term neurologic and neuropsychological outcome in patients who received temporary proximal artery occlusion during cerebral aneurysm clipping surgery. (Pasternak JJ, McGregor DG, Lanier WL, Schroeder DR, Rusy DA, Hindman B, Clarke W, Torner J, Todd MM, IHAST Investigators) Anesthesiology 2009 Mar;110(3):563-73 PMID: 19212259 PMCID: PMC2735401 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-62349116677 02/13/2009       48 Citations
  • Relaxants and their reversal agents (Lien CA, Suzuki T) Geriatric Anesthesiology 2008:266-277 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-79953077630 12/01/2008       2 Citations
  • A randomized, dose-finding, phase II study of the selective relaxant binding drug, Sugammadex, capable of safely reversing profound rocuronium-induced neuromuscular block. (Groudine SB, Soto R, Lien C, Drover D, Roberts K) Anesth Analg 2007 Mar;104(3):555-62 PMID: 17312208 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-33847208500 02/22/2007       178 Citations
  • Neuromuscular junction pharmacology (Lien CA, Savarese JJ) Foundations of Anesthesia 2006:445-460 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84875119778 12/01/2006       1 Citation
  • Combining non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents: synergism, addition or antagonism? (Lien CA) Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 1999 Jul;12(4):467-71 PMID: 17013353 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0032748040 10/03/2006       2 Citations
  • Supplemental oxygen and risk of surgical wound infection. (Pryor KO, Lien CA, Fahey TJ 3rd, Goldstein PA) JAMA 2006 Apr 12;295(14):1642; author reply 1642-3 PMID: 16609081 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-33645741276 04/13/2006       9 Citations
  • Neuromuscular Junction Pharmacology (Lien CA, Savarese JJ) Foundations of Anesthesia: Basic Sciences for Clinical Practice 2 November 2005:445-460 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-85135067392 11/02/2005    
  • GW280430A: pharmacodynamics and potential adverse effects. (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Heerdt PM) Anesthesiology 2005 Apr;102(4):861-2; author reply 862-3 PMID: 15791118 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-18244390720 03/26/2005       10 Citations
  • GW280430A. (Geldner GF, Blobner M) Anesthesiology 2005 Apr;102(4):861; author reply 862-5 PMID: 15791119 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-16244384498 03/26/2005       1 Citation
  • Mild intraoperative hypothermia during surgery for intracranial aneurysm. (Todd MM, Hindman BJ, Clarke WR, Torner JC, Intraoperative Hypothermia for Aneurysm Surgery Trial (IHAST) Investigators) N Engl J Med 2005 Jan 13;352(2):135-45 PMID: 15647576 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-11844268070 01/14/2005       434 Citations
  • Posttetanic potentiation and fade in the response to tetanic and train-of-four stimulation during succinylcholine-induced block. (Naguib M, Lien CA, Aker J, Eliazo R) Anesth Analg 2004 Jun;98(6):1686-1691 PMID: 15155329 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-2442690618 05/25/2004       15 Citations
  • Supplemental oxygen and risk of surgical site infection. (Hopf HW, Hunt TK, Rosen N) JAMA 2004 Apr 28;291(16):1956; author reply 1958-9 PMID: 15113804 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-11144356388 04/29/2004       11 Citations
  • Clinical pharmacology of GW280430A in humans. (Belmont MR, Lien CA, Tjan J, Bradley E, Stein B, Patel SS, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 2004 Apr;100(4):768-73 PMID: 15087609 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-1642392352 04/17/2004       64 Citations
  • Surgical site infection and the routine use of perioperative hyperoxia in a general surgical population: a randomized controlled trial. (Pryor KO, Fahey TJ 3rd, Lien CA, Goldstein PA) JAMA 2004 Jan 07;291(1):79-87 PMID: 14709579 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0347416893 01/08/2004       297 Citations
  • Dexmedetomidine and neurocognitive testing in awake craniotomy. (Mack PF, Perrine K, Kobylarz E, Schwartz TH, Lien CA) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2004 Jan;16(1):20-5 PMID: 14676565 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0346962993 12/17/2003       130 Citations
  • Edrophonium effectively antagonizes neuromuscular block at the laryngeal adductors induced by rapacuronium, rocuronium and cisatracurium, but not mivacurium. (Suzuki T, Lien CA, Belmont MR, Tjan J, Savarese JJ) Can J Anaesth 2003 Nov;50(9):879-85 PMID: 14617582 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0942288005 11/18/2003       4 Citations
  • Regional versus general anesthesia for hip surgery in older patients: does the choice affect patient outcome? (Lien CA) J Am Geriatr Soc 2002 Jan;50(1):191-4 PMID: 12028267 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0036142341 05/25/2002       14 Citations
  • The pharmacology of GW280430A: A new nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocking agent (Lien CA) Seminars in Anesthesia Perioperative Medicine and Pain 2002;21(2):86-91 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0036348346 01/01/2002       7 Citations
  • Postoperative narcotic requirement after microscopic lumbar discectomy is not affected by intraoperative ketorolac or bupivacaine. (Mack PF, Hass D, Lavyne MH, Snow RB, Lien CA) Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2001 Mar 15;26(6):658-61 PMID: 11246381 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0035868822 03/14/2001       47 Citations
  • Combining non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocking agents: Synergism, addition or antagonism? (Lien CA) Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 1999;12(4):467-471 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0032748040 12/02/1999       2 Citations
  • Pharmacodynamics and the plasma concentration of mivacurium during spontaneous recovery and neostigmine-facilitated recovery. (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Wray Roth DL, Okamoto M, Abalos A, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 1999 Jul;91(1):119-26 PMID: 10422936 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0032984506 07/28/1999       9 Citations
  • The nature of spontaneous recovery from mivacurium-induced neuromuscular block. (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Abalos A, Hass D, Savarese JJ) Anesth Analg 1999 Mar;88(3):648-53 PMID: 10072021 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0032975777 03/11/1999       13 Citations
  • Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy (Lien CA, VanPoznak A. ) Yao F and Artusio J (eds), Anesthesiology: Problem Orientation Patient Management, 4th edition. J.B. Lippincott Raven Publishers, New York 1998, pp 455-481 08/13/1998    
  • Myasthenia gravis (Lien CA, VanPoznak A. ) Yao F and Artusio J (eds), Anesthesiology: Problem Orientation Patient Management, 4th edition. J.B. Lippincott Raven Publishers, New York 1998, pp 867-877 08/13/1998    
  • [The clinical pharmacology of new benzylisoquinoline-diester compounds, with special consideration of cisatracurium and mivacurium]. (Savarese JJ, Lien CA, Belmont MR, Wastila WB) Anaesthesist 1997 Oct;46(10):840-9 PMID: 9424966 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0031254560 01/10/1998       17 Citations
  • Emergence and extubation: a systematic approach. (Lien CA, Koff H, Malhotra V, Gadalla F) Anesth Analg 1997 Nov;85(5):1177 PMID: 9356123 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0030777942 11/14/1997       6 Citations
  • A comparison: the efficacy of sevoflurane-nitrous oxide or propofol-nitrous oxide for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia. (Lien CA, Hemmings HC, Belmont MR, Abalos A, Hollmann C, Kelly RE) J Clin Anesth 1996 Dec;8(8):639-43 PMID: 8982891 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0030467762 12/01/1996       28 Citations
  • Importance of the organ-independent elimination of cisatracurium. (Kisor DF, Schmith VD, Wargin WA, Lien CA, Ornstein E, Cook DR) Anesth Analg 1996 Nov;83(5):1065-71 PMID: 8895287 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029952949 11/01/1996       123 Citations
  • Neuromuscular blocking drugs and their antagonists (Hill SA, Lien CA, Scott RPF, Savarese JJ. ) Brown BR and Prys-Roberts C (eds), International Practice of Anesthesia. Reed Educational and Professional Publishing LImited, Bath 1996, pp 1/91/1/-1/91/41 08/13/1996    
  • Benzylisoquinoine compounds (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Rubin L, Savarese JJ. ) White PF (ed), Textbook of Intravenous Anesthesia. Volume 51. WB Saunders Company, Philadelphia 1995: 245-256 08/13/1996    
  • Efficacy and safety of divided dose administration of mivacurium for a 90-second tracheal intubation. (Ali HH, Lien CA, Witkowski T, Brull SJ, Stout RG, Bartkowski R, Silverman DG, Patel S, Ascher JA, Goudsouzian NG) J Clin Anesth 1996 Jun;8(4):276-81 PMID: 8695129 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-9344232813 06/01/1996       21 Citations
  • Antagonism of residual mivacurium blockade: setting the record straight. (Savarese JJ, Lien CA, Belmont MR) Anesthesiology 1996 Jun;84(6):1525-8 PMID: 8669705 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029999697 06/01/1996       2 Citations
  • Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium in geriatric surgical patients. (Ornstein E, Lien CA, Matteo RS, Ostapkovich ND, Diaz J, Wolf KB) Anesthesiology 1996 Mar;84(3):520-5 PMID: 8659778 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029975858 03/01/1996       83 Citations
  • The comparative effects of sevoflurane versus propofol in the induction and maintenance of anesthesia in adult patients. (Jellish WS, Lien CA, Fontenot HJ, Hall R) Anesth Analg 1996 Mar;82(3):479-85 PMID: 8623947 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0030058787 03/01/1996       122 Citations
  • Pharmacokinetics of cisatracurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. (Lien CA, Schmith VD, Belmont MR, Abalos A, Kisor DF, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 1996 Feb;84(2):300-8 PMID: 8602660 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0030039281 02/01/1996       73 Citations
  • The role of stereoisomerism in neuromuscular blocking drugs (Lien CA) Current Opinion in Anaesthesiology 1996;9(4):348-353 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029836325 01/01/1996       1 Citation
  • Mivacurium (Belmont MR, Rubin LA, Lien CA, Tjan J, Savarese JJ) Anaesthetic Pharmacology Review 1995;3(3):156-167 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029559420 12/01/1995       6 Citations
  • The clinical neuromuscular pharmacology of 51W89 in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. (Belmont MR, Lien CA, Quessy S, Abou-Donia MM, Abalos A, Eppich L, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 1995 May;82(5):1139-45 PMID: 7741288 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029008574 05/01/1995       166 Citations
  • The cardiovascular effects and histamine-releasing properties of 51W89 in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Abalos A, Eppich L, Quessy S, Abou-Donia MM, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 1995 May;82(5):1131-8 PMID: 7537945 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029018673 05/01/1995       134 Citations
  • The clinical and basic pharmacology of mivacurium: a short-acting nondepolarizing benzylisoquinolinium diester neuromuscular blocking drug. (Savarese JJ, Lien CA, Belmont MR, Rubin L) Acta Anaesthesiol Scand Suppl 1995;106:18-22 PMID: 8533538 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029096982 01/01/1995       11 Citations
  • The accuracy of the 5%-25% (T1-T3) twitch recovery interval in predicting the speed of spontaneous recovery from mivacurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. (Savarese JJ, Lien CA, Belmont MR) Anesth Analg 1995 Jan;80(1):209-10 PMID: 7802290 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0028801557 01/01/1995       4 Citations
  • Mivacurium: A novel, short-acting, nondepolarizing muscle relaxant (Rubin LA, Lien CA, Savarese JJ) Seminars in Anesthesia, Perioperative Medicine and Pain December 1995;14(4):245-256 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0029565060 01/01/1995       1 Citation
  • The clinical and basic pharmacology of mivacurium: A short-acting nondepolarizing benzylisoquinolinium diester neuromuscular blocking drug Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica, Supplement 1995;39(106):18-22 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-84995183147 01/01/1995    
  • Rational use of muscle relaxants, in: IARS 1994 Review Course Lectures. (Lien CA) Anesthesia & Analg suppl pp 66-72 08/13/1994    
  • Clinical pharmacology and applications of neuromuscular blockers (Lien CA, Savarese JJ, Kopman AF. ) Bowdle TA, Horita A, Kharasch ED (eds), The Pharmacologic Basis of Anesthesiology. Churchill Livingstong, New York 1994, pp 439-482 08/13/1994    
  • Pharmacology of muscle relaxants and their antagonists (Savarese JJ, Miller RD, Lien CA, Caldwell JE. ) Miller Rd (ed), Anesthesia 4th Edition. Churchill Livingstone, New York 1994, pp 417-487 08/13/1994    
  • Anatomy and physiology of the vascular supply to the brain (Venketasuramian N, Mohr JP, Young WL, Lien CA, Breuer A) Downey JA, Myers SJ, Gonzalez EG, Lieberman JS (eds), The physiologic Basis of Rehabilitation Medicine, 2nd Edition. Butterworth-Heinemann Boston 1994, pp 19-33 08/13/1994    
  • Electromyographic and mechanomyographic neuromuscular effects of desflurane (response). (Kelly RE, Lien CA. ) Anesth Analg 1994; 78:603 08/13/1994    
  • The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the stereoisomers of mivacurium in patients receiving nitrous oxide/opioid/barbiturate anesthesia. (Lien CA, Schmith VD, Embree PB, Belmont MR, Wargin WA, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology 1994 Jun;80(6):1296-302 PMID: 8010476 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0028260727 06/01/1994       83 Citations
  • The effect of ondansetron on atracurium-induced neuromuscular blockade. (Lien CA, Gadalla F, Kudlak TT, Embree PB, Sharp GJ, Savarese JJ) J Clin Anesth 1993;5(5):399-403 PMID: 8217176 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0027501237 09/01/1993       8 Citations
  • Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy (Lien CA, VanPoznak A.) Yao F and Artusio J (eds), Anesthesiology: Problem Oriented Patient Management, 3rd Edition. J.B. Lippincott Company New York 1993, pp 338-361 08/13/1993    
  • Myasthenia gravis (Lien CA, VanPoznak A. ) Yao F and Artusio J (eds), Anesthesiology: Problem Oriented Patient Management, 3rd Edition. J.B. Lippincott Company New York 1993, PP 633-643 08/13/1993    
  • The new muscle relaxants (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Kopman A, Savarese JJ. ) Barash P (ed), Anesthesia Refresher Courses. Vol 21, 1993, pp 255-282 08/13/1993    
  • Depression of neuromuscular function in a patient during desflurane anesthesia. (Kelly RE, Lien CA, Savarese JJ, Belmont MR, Hartman GS, Russo JR, Hollmann C) Anesth Analg 1993 Apr;76(4):868-71 PMID: 8466031 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0027474904 04/01/1993       20 Citations
  • Unexplained bradycardia during craniotomy closure: the role of intracranial hypotension. (Wasnick JD, Lien CA, Rubin LA, Fraser RA) Anesth Analg 1993 Feb;76(2):432-3 PMID: 7818607 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0027478011 02/01/1993       21 Citations
  • What is really new about the new relaxants? (Lien CA, Belmont MR, Kopman AF, Savarese JJ) Anesthesiology Clinics of North America 1993;11(4):729-778 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0027490750 01/01/1993       5 Citations
  • Distribution, elimination, and action of vecuronium in the elderly. (Lien CA, Matteo RS, Ornstein E, Schwartz AE, Diaz J) Anesth Analg 1991 Jul;73(1):39-42 PMID: 1677546 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0025733182 07/01/1991       52 Citations
  • Effect of massive intraoperative thiopental loading on cardiovascular hemodynamics and myocardial performance. (Stone JG, Young WL, Khambatta HJ, Lien CA, Hsu DT, Solomon RA, Smith CR) J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1991 Jun;3(2):132-5 PMID: 15815392 SCOPUS ID: 2-s2.0-0025845199 06/01/1991    
    • Last update: 01/10/2023